The interstitial space contains protons, alkali and alkaline earth metal ions. The last two ionic species can be replaced by protons, aluminium, magnesium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt and many other metal ions. This modification of clay makes it behave like a Bronsted acid or Lewis acid and enables it to be used as an acid catalyst. Because such catalysts can be used repeatedly or regenerated, the chemical waste produced in such reactions will be considerably reduced.

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